Walter Whitman Essays - Brooklyn Eagle, Mystics, Walt Whitman

Walter Whitman Walter Whitman Through the historical backdrop of the United States there have been an endless quantities of writers. With them came an equivalent number of composing styles. Unquestionably one of the most extraordinary artists to compose life's story through his own perspective on the world and with the desire to do it was Walter Whitman. Incredibly reprimanded by numerous perusers of his work, Whitman was not a man to be deflected. Before long he would show the world that he had a voice, and that it talked with a writer's words. Brewing and carefree I take to the open street, Healthy, free, the world before me, the long earthy colored way before me driving any place I pick. Along these lines Whitman started his Tune of the Open Street. This paper will endeavor to depict his life and verse as it were that does equity to the way he picked. He was a man who grew up ruined, who composed from his encounters, and who attempted to lift his kindred men above life's technicalities. These are the focuses to be talked about on these pages. To know the substance of Walter Whitman, you would need to comprehend the heart of his composition. For he is in his pen. Walter Whitman was conceived in West Hills, Long Island, New York, on May 31, 1819 . He didn't have a lot of chance for instruction in his initial life. His folks were for the most part poor and ignorant his dad a worker, while his mom was a faithful Quaker. Whitman was one of nine kids and little is thought about his childhood with the exception of that two of his kin were blockheads. No big surprise he showed such an understanding for life in his sonnets. In 1830, at eleven years old, he worked as an office kid for a legal counselor, where he took in the printing exchange. Whitman would before long take up instructing at different schools in Long Island. He too occupied with carpentry and house building while he altered papers. His early years appeared to show a functioning enthusiasm for working with people in general. Whitman at one time acknowledged a vocation with a New Orleans paper, and in doing so presented himself to a lot of the nation. Getting to New Orleans required going over the Cumberland Hole and down streams, of which he later composed. America appeared to be both his home and motivation. In Calamus, some portion of his single book, Leaves of Grass, he composes of Louisiana as a live oak developing, accordingly appearing the delight he felt in all that he saw . To put it plainly, Whitman lived trough the country's chivalrous age, when individuals must be (or appeared to be) somewhat more than life-size to achieve all the deeds they attempted. It was characteristic that Whitman, with his virtuoso and magical tendencies, ought to have floated into news coverage, a calling that could make a few requests on his local blessings. As much as he was an explorer, he was additionally a man of the individuals. In one of his audits, he depicted himself asnever on stages in the midst of the hordes of pastors, or educators, or representatives, or on the other hand congressmen-fairly down in the narrows with pilots in their pilot pontoons or on the other hand off on a journey with fishers in an angling smack-or composing on a Broadway omnibus, one next to the other with the driver-or with a band of loungers over the open grounds of the nation partial to New York and Brooklyn-enamored with the life of the incredible ships. Whitman clearly felt a family relationship with his nation, and later showed this in his compositions. He additionally was not a man to tail others. Confident, with haughty eyes, expecting to himself all the properties of his nation, steps Walt Whitman into writing, talking like a man unconscious that there was ever up to this point such a creation as a book, or such a being as an author. Whitman's significant work, Leaves of Grass, was first distributed on the fourth of July in 1855. He was thirty-six years old, not yet a distributed author, and couldn't discover any organization willing to take a risk on his abnormal style. His involvement with papers permitted him to help distribute his work himself, in any event, setting up a portion of the sort also, dispersing the principal version. To get a tolerable beginning, Whitman even ventured to such an extreme as to compose complimentary unsigned surveys of his book which he had put in the papers An American versifier finally! - his own expressions of his first work, demonstrating his boldness to be very much idea of. Whitman composed just one

Hath Not a Jew Mercy Essay Example For Students

Hath Not a Jew Mercy Essay Kevin JacobyEngl 225 AHath not a Jew Mercy?Many of William Shakespeares plays have started debate. Likely the one that has started the most contention is The Merchant of Venice, which numerous savvy people have named an enemy of Semitic play. The character that this conversation bases on is Shylock, the rich moneylender Jew. The issue with a large portion of these enemy of Semitic contentions is that they do not have the point of view of the sixteenth century audience.Throughout Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice (M of V), the crowds impression of Shylock moves between absolute disdain and shifting measures of pity. As opposed to todays crowd, the first sixteenth century crowd considered Shylocks to be as his greatest inadequacy. Our first look at Shylocks character comes in Act I, scene 3, where Shylock uncovers to the crowd why he loathes Antonio. The primary explanation he gives of why he abhors Antonio is on the grounds that he is a Christian. (I. iii. 43) This to the sixteenth century crowd would be absurd, and this would inspire a kind of villainy towards Shylock. Be that as it may, a couple of seconds after the fact, the crowd observers Shylocks discourse about Antonios maltreatment towards Shylock. (I. iii. 107-130) This discourse does well in summoning the crowds feel sorry for, anyway little it may be in the sixteenth century. In any case, again toward the end, Shylock offers that Antonio surrender a pound of tissue as punishment of relinquishment of the bond, which Antonio sees as a joke, yet which Shylock completely expects to gather. (I. iii. 144-78) This activity nullifies any pity which Shylock would have one from the crowd only a couple of seconds prior. Shakespeare, in this scene, utilizes Sh ylocks discourse and monologues to push loyalties of the crowd to and fro in a consequence of a negative perspective on Shylock. In Act II, scene 8, Salarino and Salanio depict to the crowd Shylocks response when he discovers that his girl, Jessica, has fled to wed a Christian. Says Salanio: I never heard an enthusiasm so confused,So odd, absurd, thus variable,As the canine Jew uttered in the streets:My girl! O my ducats! O my daughter!Fled with a Christian! O my Christian ducats!Justice! the law! my ducats, and my daughter!Of twofold ducats, taken from me by my daughter!And gems, two stones, two rich and valuable stones, Stolen by my girl! Equity! discover the girl;She cap the stones upon her, and the ducats. (II. viii. 12-22)One cant help thinking about whether the message is just as reliable as the flag-bearer, for as we probably am aware, Salarino and Salanio have communicated their scorn towards Shylock. Nonetheless, the sixteenth century crowd wouldnt have any explanation not to accept these two men, since they have given no explanation not to be to their viewpoint. In this re-tally of occasions we notice that Shylock cries O my ducats! O my little girl! ordinarily, which recommends that Shylock sees Jessica as simply one more one of her material products, as the ducats. The crowd would not regard this by any means, all things considered, ones little girl ought to be considerably more significant than any material riches. This is one more occasion which the crowd sees Shylock as a shallow misanthrope who just considers himself. Act III, scene 1 is presumably the greatest defining moment in the play, particularly for the crowd. Subsequent to being harassed by Salarino and Salanio, Shylock controls the crowds feelings by offering a monolog on vengeance. The scene is as follows:Salarino. Why, I am certain, on the off chance that he relinquish, thou shrink not take his tissue: whats that great for?Shylock. To snare fish withal: in the event that it will take care of nothing else, it will take care of my revenge.He hath disfavored me, and upset me a large portion of a million; snickered at my misfortunes, ridiculed at my benefits, disdained my country, frustrated my deals, cooled my companions, warmed mine adversaries; and what is his explanation? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, organs, measurements, detects, expressions of love, interests? taken care of with a similar food, hurt with similar weapons, subject to similar illnesses, recuperated by similar methods, warmed and cooled by a simi lar winter and summer, as a Christian may be? On the off chance that you prick us, do we not drain? on the off chance that you

If Youre Not Happy with What You Have, You Might Never be HappyÂ

If  Youre  Not Happy with What You Have, You Might Never be Happy   I’ll be happy when: I buy my dream car; I buy a home in a certain address; I have a million dollars in the bank; I find my dream partner. Does this sound familiar? How many times have you heard someone say this or something similar?The search for happiness is not something new.Human beings have been constantly searching for happiness since the dawn of recorded history.Philosophers like  Aristotle  and  Socrates  theorized about happiness more than three hundred years before Christ.Happiness is considered to be so important that it the United States Declaration of Independence names it as one of the unalienable rights, alongside life and liberty.In the last few decades, the search for happiness has taken a new direction.People have become too materialistic, and happiness has been pegged on collecting more material things. We constantly want more and think that we will be happy when we get it.We believe that we will be happy when we get more money, a better car, a bigger house, a mor e beautiful spouse, a better job, and so on.Unfortunately, this is just an illusion that has led to something known as  destination addiction.We think that happiness  is in the next destination, whether that destination is a car, a house, a job or a partner.If you are preoccupied with the idea that you will be happy once you achieve something you don’t have at the moment, you need to stop in your tracks.Happiness is a personal choice. It is the result of your thoughts and actions in the present moment. In the words of  Jim  Rohn, happiness is something you design for the present, not something you postpone for the future.Being happy is a matter of focusing on the good things you have going for you at the moment, rather than worrying yourself with expectations about the future, which is not assured.If you  don’t stop the preoccupation with the next big thing and focus on being  happy with what you have now,  there is a chance  you  just  might never be happy.Fortunately, being ha ppy with what you have is something you can learn â€" all it takes is a little conscious thought.Below are  some tips on how you can stop obsessing over what you  don’t have and be happy with your life as it is right now, even as you work to make it better. STOP DEFINING CONDITIONS THAT NEED TO BE MET FOR YOU TO BE HAPPYWhen you ask  people what they need to be happy, many of them will respond with a list of conditions that need to be met in order for them to be happy.The irony is that by defining things that need to happen for you to be happy, you are actually making it harder for you to be  happy.Let me explain why.When you say that ABC has to happen for you to be happy, you create a distinction in your mind between being happy and not being happy.Since your mind is logical, being happy when these conditions have not been met would lead to  cognitive dissonance, so in effect your mind keeps you from feeling happy until these conditions have been met.To make matters worse, human beings constantly seek growth. Once you get something you wanted, you start craving for something else.This means that when you get what you wanted, you will have new conditions that need to be met in order for you to be happy.This  keeps  your goal posts for achieving happiness shifting,  thus  making it even harder for you to be happy.With this in mind, the key to being happy where you are now is to stop defining things that need to happen in order for you to be happy.So long as your basic needs â€" food, shelter and clothing â€" are met, anything else you need to be happy is subjective.It depends on your own ideas of what happiness is. Instead of pegging happiness to something you hope to have in future, start pegging it to what you currently have.AVOID THE COMPARISON TRAPMost times, our happiness is tied to things we don’t even need. Very often, we crave these things simply because others have them, so we think we should also have them.How many times have you seen someone spen d thousands of dollars to buy a new car, not because their old car is not working anymore, but because their neighbor or colleague bought a new car?Researchers even found that  neighbors of lottery winners often go bankrupt  due to risky financial decisions made while trying to keep up with their lucky neighbors.The problem with comparing yourself with others is that it shifts your focus from what you have to what you don’t have, which in turn makes you feel unsatisfied with what you have.Sadly, with the internet and social media having become a normal part of our lives today, comparing ourselves with others has become far too easy.You log onto Instagram and see photos of your friend on a vacation you cannot afford, and suddenly you start feeling like your job is not good enough.You log onto Facebook and see that one of your high school friends has purchased a sports car, and suddenly you start thinking about how old your car is, despite the fact that it runs just fine.These compa risons can easily make you feel like nothing is going well in your life.If you want to be happy with where you are in life at the moment, you need to realize that  another person’s success does not translate to failure for you.Just because someone bought a car or a house by the beach does not mean you need one.For instance, your neighbor might have gotten a job that requires him to move around a lot, thereby forcing him to buy a car.This does not mean that you also need a car, yet you work down the street, and your job doesn’t require you to move around.Perhaps your neighbor even bought the car on loan and is not happy about the purchase.The point here is that you should focus on your life and ignore how others live theirs because everyone is on a different path.While avoiding the comparison trap is a surefire way of  achieving happiness with what you have, it is not always an easy thing to do.You cannot simply tell your brain not to compare you with others and hope that it will automatically stop doing  it.Fortunately, there are some tips you can use to train your mind to stop making useless comparisons. These include:Associate with people from diverse backgrounds: Don’t associate with people from only one class. For instance, if you only associate with people who are richer than you, it will be almost impossible not to compare yourself to them. If you associate with people from diverse backgrounds, on the other hand, you won’t be much inclined to compare since you will realize that there are people who are less privileged that you yet they are also happy.Limit your use of social media: Social media provides one of the greatest temptations for falling into the comparison trap.  Instead of spending hours on social media  checking  what people are doing with their lives, why not spend the time doing something productive? In addition, you should remember that people are not posting their failures on social media. What you see on social media is only a fr action (the best fraction) of what their lives are like in real life.Focus on what you are good at: Find what your  unique strengths are and focus on them. Work hard to be the best at what you are good at. This will make you less inclined to make linear comparisons with others. For instance, if you are the best actor in your region, you won’t feel like less of an achiever just because your friend is the best basketball player in the region.Adopt a mentality of abundance: People who are constantly comparing themselves with others operate from a scarcity mentality. They think that someone else’s gain is their loss. People with an abundance mentality, on the other hand, know that the world does not work this way. They know that there is enough for everybody, and that when their friends win it doesn’t mean that they are losing. When you adopt the abundance mentality, you stop comparing yourself with others because you know your time is coming.PRACTICE GRATITUDEWhen you are sufferi ng from destination addiction, you are so focused on what you need to have that you forget about what you actually have.I want you to take a moment to think about all the things you  have in your life today.Did you have some food to eat when you woke up this  morning? Are you educated? Do you have a job? Do you have a place to live? Are you healthy? Are your family members alive? Do you have good relationships with them? Do you have a spouse or partner who loves you for who you are?If you answered yes to a single one of these questions, you have a reason to be happy.If you answered yes to most of these questions, then you are probably better off than almost half of the people on earth.According to  DoSomething.org, about 3 billion people (almost half of the world’s population) survive on less than $2.50 a day.If you are better off than half of the world’s population and you are still unhappy, what do you think will make you happy?If you want to achieve happiness, you should stop focusing on what you don’t have and start being grateful for what you have in your life.How do you do this?I have a very practical gratitude exercise that I practice every day, and you  should  try it too.Every evening, before you go to sleep, get a notebook and write down the five things that you are grateful for that day.Whether it is something you accomplished at work, whether it is something good that someone said or did for you, or something that made you smile.It doesn’t  even  have to be something new.For instance, if you are always grateful for your spouse or kids, there is no problem with including them in your list every single day.This gratitude exercise might sound silly, but it actually works.When you end each day by thinking about the things you are grateful for rather than what you are lacking in your life or what your friends are doing with their lives, you will realize that your life is actually good.Even as you work hard to achieve your goals and dreams, you w ill be happy with the much you have been able to achieve so far.CHANGE YOUR REASONINGAll of us are constantly trying to improve our lives â€" we want a better job, a better neighborhood, better cars, a bigger house, and so on.There is nothing wrong with that.Actually, improvement is a good thing. It shows we are growing.However, before you focus all your energy on chasing improvement, you should examine your motivation for improvement. Is there a legitimate reason behind your need for improvement, or are you simply doing it because you want more?For instance, if you want a better job because you want to take your kids to a better  school, that  is a great thing. If you want a bigger house because you just got your second kid and therefore want more space, that is great.However, if you are just chasing a bigger paycheck and a bigger house and a bigger everything because you think more of everything is better, then you have a problem on your hands.Here is the thing, there will always be something better out there.There will be better houses, better cars, more beautiful potential partners, better paying jobs, and so on.If you are chasing something simply because you think more will make you feel better, you will never be truly  happy because there will always be something that is outside your reach.It has even been scientifically proven that being materialistic leads to unhappiness.According to a  2001 study by Lisa Ryan and Suzanne  Dziurawiec, people with more materialistic values are more likely to find their lives unsatisfying.Therefore, if you find yourself craving for material things, evaluate the motivations behind the desire. If you have solid justifications for seeking more, you should use that as a source of inspiration to work even harder.However, if you are chasing more just because you think having more will make you happier, you should shift your attention from chasing more to enjoying what you already have.REALIZE THAT YOU ARE ENOUGHThe feeling tha t we are not enough  is another reason why most of us are unable to achieve happiness.How many times have you felt like you are not successful enough, not smart enough, not beautiful enough, not funny enough, not tall enough, and so on?When you feel like you are not enough, it can be tempting to chase perfection and think that you will be happy once you achieve the quality you are chasing.Maybe you feel that you will be happy once you lose 20 pounds or once a certain clique accepts you and so on.However, here is the thing: no one is perfect in this world.Even the people you admire have something they wish they had.In addition, our feelings of inadequacy are tied to something else.For instance, you might feel you are not interesting enough because a certain group of people have not accepted you into their circle. However, even if you became interesting enough, they might still reject you because of something else.Feeling inadequate and thinking that you will be happy once you improve something about yourself is like chasing your own tail. There will always be something to chase.In addition, there is nothing you can do about some of these things.For instance, if you believe you are not tall enough, there is not much you can do about it.So, should you remain unhappy because of something you have no control over?To avoid this, you should realize that nobody is perfect and that you are good enough.Your shortcomings are part of who you are, they are part of what makes you unique.Don’t beat yourself up because of them. In the end, people who are meant to  be in your life will  accept you  regardless of your flaws, while those who are not meant to be in your life will reject you even if you somehow managed to make yourself perfect.GET OUT OF YOUR COMFORT ZONEWhile I said that chasing more and more for the sake of it is the perfect recipe for remaining unhappy with what you have, lack of growth can also keep you from achieving happiness.As we grow older, many of us s ettle into life and increase our aversion to risk.We feel that we have  achieved some level of success and we become afraid of losing it all.As a result, we start playing it safe and doing what seems practical.Eventually, we end up in a comfort zone where there is no growth in our lives.The problem with playing it safe is that it forces you to give up on your dreams.Instead of taking risks or gathering the courage to go after what you want, you  remain where you are because you are afraid of failing and losing what you already have.Eventually, the lack of courage to go after your dreams leaves you feeling unhappy with your life.To avoid this, you should get out of your comfort zone and go after what you want. You are never too young or too old to go after what you want.Actually, studies show that the greatest regret for people who are almost dying is  not going after their dreams and aspirations.You don’t want to have the same regrets later in life.And here is another thing.If you get out of the comfort zone and go after your dreams, it won’t matter whether you succeed or not. Even if you fail, you will still be happy knowing that you gave it your best shot.STOP LIVING IN THE PAST OR THE FUTUREI mentioned earlier that happiness is something you design for the present. It does not depend on your past or your future.Still, very many people remain unhappy because they are living in the past or the future.Their unhappiness is caused by something that happened in the past or something they are hoping for in future.While there is nothing wrong with remembering the past and thinking about the future, you should not things in your past or future influence your happiness.For some people, achieving happiness is impossible because of something that happened in the past. Either they think that life shortchanged them, or they feel that they somehow messed their lives.They cannot be happy because they are essentially living in regret and denial.Unfortunately, things in the past have already happened, and there is nothing you can do to go back and change them.For others, their search for happiness is curtailed by their expectations for the future. They believe that they will become happy once they achieve something in future.However, the future is not guaranteed. You cannot go into the future and make it happen now.Therefore, it makes no sense to let things you have no control over keep you from achieving happiness. The only time you have control over is the present.If you want to be happy with your life today, you should stop living in the past or the future and focus on the moment you have now.WRAPPING UPIn life, we all want to live up to our biggest potential and achieve our greatest levels of success, and there is nothing wrong with that.However, many of us obsess so much about what we don’t have that we forget about what we actually have.We adopt the belief that we will be happy once we get the next big thing, which unfortunately sets us up for a life of unhappiness and discontentment.If you want to live a happy life, you should give up the idea that happiness is in the next destination and focus on being happy with what you have now.Fortunately, with the tips shared in this article, you can make a change in your life and learn how to be happy with your life as it is now.

Online Shopping Marketing Research Proposal - 5166 Words

PROPOSAL Identify the critical factors that influence the online shopping pattern for consumers of Apparel products in Bangladesh. Prepared for: Md. Iftekharul Amin Lecturer Course Instructor (M609 - Market Research) Prepared by: Monamee Afroze Ishika (Roll: 119, MBA 46 D) Priyom Mozumdar (Roll: 124, MBA 46 D) Mohammad Zulqar Nayen (Roll: 126, MBA 46 D) Mir Zahidur Reza (Roll: 160, MBA 46 D) Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka April 21, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Statement of Problem: 2 Objectives of the Research: 2 Scope: 3 Methodology: 3 Quality Control Plan: 5 Literature Review 7 What is Online Shopping? 7 What influence the Consumers? : 8 Online†¦show more content†¦o To examine the relationship between website quality and online shopping activity. o To examine the relationship between consumers’ level of internet knowledge and online shopping activity. o To examine the relationship between internet advertising and online shopping activity. o To determine which of the above factors contribute most to online shopping. 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The Pseudo Profession Of Nursing Essay - 1315 Words

The Pseudo-Profession of Nursing One of the mottos that motivated me throughout my quest to pick a major last year was the following from Cy Coleman: â€Å"I m lucky to be in a profession where you can keep getting better† (Propst, 2015, p. 37). This passage struck me as exactly what I was looking to accomplish with my future, but as it turns out, is nursing really a profession? There are an infinite number of ways to define what a profession is based on personal beliefs, but scholarly articles, such as one by Dr. Burke Christensen (1994), compress the criteria into five requirements, as followed: (1) The subject matter must be sufficiently esoteric that the common person does not generally understand it and must rely upon the expertise of another for proper completion of the task. (2) The subject matter must require a period of academic study in order to master the complexities of the topic. 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May was brought in by ambulanceRead MoreCare Plan Based on Activities of Daily Living Model3507 Words   |  15 PagesPart A This portfolio entry requires an assessment and care plan to be presented incorporating the nursing process based on a client that I assisted in the care of during my clinical placement. The patient on which the care plan will be assessed will be a 72 year old female, May Watters who I assisted in the care of during clinical placement in the Emergency Department (ED). May Watters is a pseudo name to ensure confidentiality to An Bord Analtrais standards (ABA 2000). May was brought in by ambulanceRead MorePractice Arena as a Learning Environment2023 Words   |  9 Pages a pseudo name (with an asterisk) has been given where applicable. For centuries it has always been the tradition of mankind to regard their working environment not only as their source of income but also as a learning portal in hope for a better future. As mankind becomes modernized, the standard expectation of self’s competency in the workplace has tremendously increased. I am a State Registered Nurse, graduated with a diploma in 2001 and have been serving in the healthcare profession forRead MoreTraditional Conflict View6112 Words   |  25 PagesEmpowerment (a term frequently used in nursing) is defined as â€Å"giving individuals the authority, responsibility, and freedom to act on what they know and instilling in them belief and confidence in their own ability to achieve and succeed† (7). Self-empowerment includes learning about and participating in decision making. Taking responsibility for our own empowerment can transform us and our coworkers, patients, departments, organizations, nursing profession, and even society in general. How GenderRead MoreComputer-Based Maternity Database System5623 Words   |  23 Pagesdesign 32 4. File Design 34 5. Procedure chart 36 6. System flow chart 38 7. System requirements 40 CHAPTER FIVE 1. Implementation 42 2. Program Design 45 3. Program Flowchart 48 4. Pseudo code 54 5. Source Program: Test Run 59 CHAPTER SIX Documentation 60 CHAPTER SEVEN 1. Recommendation 62 2. Conclusion 64 Bibliography CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Computer based maternity database systemRead More Lifespan reflective paper6038 Words   |  25 PagesState Auditor. My academic career has seen me bounce from nursing to education and finally settling with business. My most important career as a mother is about to take new direction, as my youngest children begin their collegiate journey. So the question I asked myself was â€Å"What do I do now†? I recently obtained my Masters degree in Management and Leadership and was not sure I wanted to return to school so soon; however the profession that I’ve longed to do for so many years required additionalRead MoreHow Pastoral Care Policy Has Contributed to the Management of Junior Secondary Schools In Botswana23474 Words   |  94 Pageschildren and misuse of drugs. However, in Scotland, the city of Glasgow through the Glasgow Education Services Council (GESC) has its own PCP solely formulated for Glasgow schools. Their PCP is designed under the theme ‘Implementing a Teaching Profession for the 21st Century’, in which the role of the teacher as ‘student tutor/mentor’ is seen as a key feature of the council’s model for delivering pastoral care, and essential to enhancing the level of pupil support. This is because Glasgow schoolsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesgeneralized Applied sociology e.g., use of questionnaires and instruments that pertains to some depth but which are symptomatic and generalized Column three The neo-modernist perspective on the organization Column four Contributing to the discipline or profession or practise Prescriptions for leadership and management Sociology Popularized versions of leadership as social phenomenon, organizations as complex systems, social relationships, collective unconscious elements Anthropology e.g., popularized

The Reason Behind The Genocide - 861 Words

It has been said by many people, such as Allah in verse 46 in surat Fussilat, â€Å"Whosoever does righteous good deed it is for (the benefit of) his own self, and whosoever does evil, it is against his own self, and your Lord is not at all unjust to (His) slaves,† (Fussilat 41:46), meaning that everyone is responsible for their own actions. Adolf Hitler is no longer alive therefore saying that he is living proof could not be justified. Leaving behind the fact that he is no longer alive, it can still be said that he was once proof that not everyone is responsible for their own actions. Some Historians blame Hitler for all of the killings he made. However, they do not think of what could have been the reason behind his genocide in the Holocaust. The large amount of casualties might not have an explanation, or at least that is what people think. Had the people kept in consideration that for every cause there is an effect though? Hitler became Germany’s dictator, even though he was a native of Braunau am Inn, Austria. Because of the rough time in that area, Hitler only had one sibling that survived childhood, Paula. His other four siblings died in their childhood. It was Hitler’s fathers, Alois, third marriage by the time Hitler was born. Hitler’s father died seven years after retiring from the Civil service, when Hitler was only six years old. Hitler’s father, Alois, was a civil servant. At this time period, this job was respected in Braunau. Alois wanted absolutely nothing moreShow MoreRelated The Horror of Genocide Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesbut definitely possible. The word genocide, which is also known as ethnic cleansing, is certainly not uncommon to anyone living in this not so perfect world, full of violence, hatred and discrimination. Throughout the decades, genocide has taken place in more than one occasion, causing wars, slaughters and mass destruction of cities and towns. I think that genocide is by far the worst crime in humanity. Hatred, superiority and personal memories are all behind genocide. Everyday, I get more surprisedRead MoreThe Rwandan Conflict : Genocide Or War? International Journal On World Peace891 Words   |  4 PagesDominic. The 1994 Rwandan Conflict: Genocide or War? International Journal on World Peace. Vol XXX No. 3(2013). 31-54. Print. The Article by Olaifa and Dominic, provides background and general information about the Rwandan Conflict of 1994 which relates to the concept of genocide and is to determine its relationship with war as a concept. The authors present an investigation of the reasons of Rwandan tragedy and justifies the difference between concepts of war and genocide by explaining their deep definitionsRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rwandan Genocide was one of the most violent genocides in the history of the world and was intricately planned and implemented by the ethnic group called the Hutu in an attempt to eliminate another, the Tutsis. Though the genocide lasted only one hundred days, the number of deaths is estimated to be approximately 800,000. In the wake of the genocide, mass chaos plagued the country of Rwanda, deepening the divide between the groups Hutu and Tutsi. Although it can be said the genocide was causedRead MoreThe Mass Killings : The Holocaust Vs. The Rape Of Nanking991 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurred during the holocaust in Germany, but few have ever even heard of Nanjing, much less the rape of Nanjing. Both genocides share very close similarities, and they both also share their differences. While there were many similarities when it comes to the cruelty and degradation of the individuals that were involved, they were different. These events occurred for very different reasons, but both involved war on another country. Hitler hated the Jews because of race and religion. He tried to blame themRead MoreThe Genocide Still Going on in Darfur, Sudan Essay examples1048 Words   |  5 PagesNot everybody believes in genocides, other may have a different opinion or thoughts. Sometimes people don’t realize its genocide because they believe in what they are doing and they think there is no harm done because it’s not affecting them. To be taken away from your family, to go live somewhere else or to be killed can have a huge impact on your life. Genocides play a huge role in the world; it has and will affect many people. In Darfur there is a genocide going on, it has been going on for aRead MoreThe Holocaust and the European Removal of Native Americans851 Words   |   3 PagesGenocide has been present for thousands of years and has reappeared multiple times throughout global history. The Holocaust and the European removal of the Native Americans are both considered to be genocides. The Holocaust was a mass murdering of people due to discrimination. The victims were those who did not fit what the German leader of the Nazis thought to be the â€Å"an adequate human being.† The victims of Hitler’s brutality included anyone who was or looked Jewish, the Roma, people with disabilitiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Cnn s Genocide Tracker Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesaccording to CNN’s Genocide Tracker, â€Å"over 36.9 million people have died around the world due to genocide.† Genocide is defined most commonly as the systematic and purposeful extermination of a specific group due to race, religion, ethnicity, gender association, political affiliation, disabilities, and more. Mass killings have been happening as early as the 1700 ’s when the Chinese Manchu Qing Dynasty systematically killed the Dzungar Buddhist peoples. Since then, over 30 documented genocides and even moreRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Genocide Under The Clinton Administration975 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1994, one of the most brutal genocides of all time took place in the small country of Rwanda. Over the span of approximately 100 days, 800,000 Rwandans were killed—an average of 8,000 people per day— with Tutsis being the primary target. The staggering numbers called for international intervention, yet the action taken across the world was slim. Samantha Power’s â€Å"Bystanders to Genocide† reveals that the U.S.’s handling of the Rwandan genocide under the Clinton Administration was both minimalisticRead MoreRwandan Genocide : Behind The Media s Eyes1088 Words   |  5 PagesRwandan Genocide: Behind the Media’s Eyes Could the Rwandan Genocide have been prevented? Absolutely. If Rwanda hadn’t been under Belgian rule, and if western countries would have sent troops in to help, the genocide could ve been avoided. There was no light shed on the genocide by the western media. The media twisted and contorted the reality of the genocide. While Western media claimed that Tutsis were victims of genocide, they failed to identify the true victim of the genocide. Hutus and TutsisRead MoreGenocide In Darfur Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pageshave died in Darfur, Sudan due to genocide. That is equivalent to the entire population of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Genocide started back in February of 2003 in Darfur, Sudan. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines the liberties set for everyone in the World. Established in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights displays the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled to.   The situation in Darfur, Sudan is known as Genocide, Genocide is defined as a systematic extermination

Martha Washington Essay Example For Students

Martha Washington Essay In 1633, the Reverend Rowland Jones came from England to the colony of Virginia. He had graduated from Oxford University and in Williamsburg had served as minister for fourteen years. Two generations later Martha Dandridge, his great-granddaughter, was born on June 2, 1731 on a plantation near Williamsburg. She grew up in the Dandridge home, Chestnut Grove. She enjoyed riding horses, gardening, sewing, playing the spinet and dancing. Her father made sure that she got a fair education in basic math, reading and writing.. .something girls didnt receive at the time. At the age of eighteen, Martha married to Daniel Parke Custis. He was wealthy, handsome and twenty years older than her. Martha set up housekeeping on his plantation, while her husband managed the estate, which covered over 17,000 acres. Her husband adored his young, pretty bride and pampered her with the finest clothes and gifts imported all the way from England. They had four children, two who died before their first birthday. Their two surviving children John Parke, called Jacky and Martha, called Patsy. In 1757, when Martha was twenty-six, Daniel Custis died after a brief illness. Jacky was three and Patsy was less than a year old. Dying without a will, Martha was left with the duties of running the household, the estate and raising her children. (Fatherless children were usually raised under the care of a guardian, even if the mother survivedwhich meant that another male, primarily a relative, took care of the estates of the children). Her early education proved very helpful in the task. Her husbands former business manager stayed to help with the operation of the plantation and she consulted with lawyers when she felt she needed it. Sometime later, Martha met a young colonel (several months younger than her) in the Virginia Militia at a cotillion in Williamsburg. His name was George Washington. Martha fell in love and George found her quite attractive. (That she had a good disposition and inherited wealth was an added bonus to the relationship). Martha married George on January 6, 1759. The marriage changed George from an ordinary planter to a substantially wealthy landowner. He had resigned his commission in the militia and so, George, Martha, Jacky who was 4, and Patsy who was about 2 moved into the remodeled Mt. Vernon. Martha was careful in running her home, although she and her husband did not pinch pennies when it came to caring for their home. Her children were denied nothing. She pampered and lavished attention and expensive gifts on them. They lived well at first, but subsequent bad crop returns over a number of years began to take their toll on their finances. When the children were eight years old and six years old, Mr. Walter Magowen was hired as their tutor. At the age of twelve, Patsy had an epileptic seizure, and as her condition worsened, she could no longer study. Then Mr. Magowen left for England soon after Patsy became ill and Jacky was sent to Boucher School in Caroline County (Boucher was moved to Annapolis in 1770). Jacky was an indifferent student, interested more in having fun than being studious. A proposed trip for Jacky was refused by his stepfather because he felt Jacky was too immature, and their finances couldnt handle the expense. While there, he met Eleanor Nelly Calvert and they were engaged. Soon after he had left for New York, Patsy died at the age of 17. Martha was devastated, but told Jacky to remain in school. By December, Jacky wanted to come back to Mt. Vernon, and on the way, on February 3, 1774, Jacky and Nelly were married at Nellys home, Mt. Airy in Maryland, before heading further south. About the same time, the political conflict in the colonies was becoming more spoken. Wilt Chamberlain Essay Martha had her own receptions on Fridays open to both men and women. Sundays were family days, first going to church at St. Pauls and various outings with the grandchildren in the afternoons. Martha loved Philadelphia, along with her grandchildren. She had a number of old friends there with whom she could go to parties with and to go to the theater with. George Washington was elected to a second term, which was hard for him when war broke out between France and England. His desire was for the United States to stay neutral but others in the government felt that the help should be given to France. As a result, Thomas Jefferson resigned as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton threatened to also resign. By August, a severe epidemic of Yellow Fever spread over Philadelphia. The First Family traveled to Mt. Vernon until cold weather hit the city and ended the disease. March 4, 1797 was the day that George Washington left Congress and the Washingtons soon returned home to Mt. Vernon. They celebrated Georges sixty-seventh birthday with a wedding ceremony. Young Nelly married his nephew, Lawrence Lewis. They lived at Mt. Vernon until they were given a piece of land of Mt. Vernon and their home, Woodlawn. After riding the grounds of Mt. Vernon one day, George came back home with a bad cold. He died December 14, 1799. Martha was too depressed to attend the funeral. Upon his death, she closed the door to their bedroom and moved herself to a tiny, plain loft room on the third floor of the mansion, directly over Nellys bedroom. Twenty days before her grandfather died, Nelly had given birth to her first child, Frances Parke Lewis. The baby brought Martha a lot of happiness, and lessened her pain a little. George Washingtons will ordered the freedom of half of his slaves, leaving the old and the young to remain. Martha freed the rest in 1800. Her own health was fading and in March of 1802, sensing her death, she made a will. May 22, 1802, Martha Dandridge Custis Washington breathed her last breath with her beloved granddaughter Nelly nearby. She was entombed next to her husband at Mt. Vernon. Martha Dandridge Custis Washington was an amazing person. She was independent, intelligent, sociable and an overall good person. She influenced the modern day in many ways. She has inspired many women to become more independent. Just look at the way she handled the death of her first husband, Daniel Parke Custis. In her time of need after her husband died instead of giving up and marrying again or handing over the care of the estate, home and the children to someone else she managed it all on her own. When her second husband, George Washington, was off at war, she made as many visits as she could that inspired him and brought up his moral. While she visited him, she entertained the other wives and families that were visiting also all on her own. These things were good examples of her kindness, sociability, and again of her independence. She was, and is a role model for people everywhere.

Mimicry In Nature Essays - Mimicry, Biology, Polymorphism, Behavior

Mimicry In Nature THE GREAT IMPOSTERS Finding good day care can certainly pose a problem these days, unless, of course, you're an African widow bird. When it comes time for a female widow bird to lay her eggs, she simply locates the nest of a nearby Estrildid finch and surreptitiously drops the eggs inside. That's the last the widow bird ever sees of her offspring. But not to worry, because the Estrildid finch will take devoted care of the abandoned birds as if they were her own. And who's to tell the difference? Though adult widow birds and Estrildid finches don't look at all alike, their eggs do. Not only that, baby widow birds are dead ringers for Estrildid finch chicks, both having the same colouration and markings. They even act and sound the same, thus ensuring that the widow bird nestlings can grow up among their alien nestmates with no risk of being rejected by their foster parents. MASTERS OF DISGUISE Things aren't always as they seem, and nowhere is this more true than in nature, where dozens of animals (and plants) spend their time masquerading as others. So clever are their disguises that you've probably never known you were being fooled by spiders impersonating ants, squirrels that look like shrews, worms copying sea anemones, and roaches imitating ladybugs. There are even animals that look like themselves, which can also be a form of impersonation. The phenomenon of mimicry, as it's called by biologists, was first noted in the mid-1800s by an English naturalist, Henry W. Bates. Watching butterflies in the forests of Brazil, Bates discovered that many members of the Peridae butterfly family did not look anything like their closest relatives. Instead they bore a striking resemblance to members of the Heliconiidae butterfly family. Upon closer inspection, Bates found that there was a major advantage in mimicking the Heliconiids. Fragile, slow-moving and brightly coloured, the Heliconiids are ideal targets for insectivorous birds. Yet, birds never touch them because they taste so bad. Imagine that you're a delicious morsel of butterfly. Wouldn't it be smart to mimic the appearance of an unpalatable Heliconiid so that no bird would bother you either? That's what Bates concluded was happening in the Brazilian jungle among the Pieridae. Today, the imitation of an inedible species by an edible one is called Batesian mimicry. Since Bates' time, scientists have unmasked hundreds of cases of mimicry in nature. It hasn't always been an easy job, either, as when an animal mimics not one, but several other species. In one species of butterfly common in India and Sri Lanka, the female appears in no less than three versions. One type resembles the male while the others resemble two entirely different species of inedible butterflies. Butterflies don't "choose" to mimic other butterflies in the same way that you might pick out a costume for a masquerade ball. True, some animals, such as the chameleon, do possess the ability to change body colour and blend in the with their surroundings. But most mimicry arises through evolutionary change. A mutant appears with characteristics similar to that of a better protected animal. This extra protection offers the mutant the opportunity to reproduce unharmed, and eventually flourish alongside the original. In the world of mimics, the ant is another frequently copied animal, though not so much by other ants as by other insects and even spiders. Stoop down to inspect an ant colony, and chances are you'll find a few interlopers that aren't really ants at all but copycat spiders (or wasps or flies). One way you might distinguish between host and guest is by counting legs: Ants have six legs while spiders have eight. Look carefully and you might see a few spiders running around on six legs while holding their other two out front like ant feelers. COPYCATS Mimicry can not only be a matter of looking alike, it can also involve acting the same. In the Philippine jungle there is a nasty little bug, the bombardier beetle. When threatened by a predator, it sticks its back end in the air, like a souped-up sports car, and lets out a blast of poisonous fluid. In the same jungle lives a cricket that is a living xerox of the bombardier beetle. When approached by a predator, the cricket will also prop up its behind -- a tactic sufficient to scare off the enemy, even though no toxic liquid squirts out. Going one step further than that is a native of the United States, the longicorn beetle, which resembles

Womens Role in Greece essays

Women's Role in Greece essays Womens role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Although women were treated differently from city to city the basic premise of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form life long bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages. Women are "defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors" in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didnt extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the same ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents what their domestic duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were womens apartments in Athens (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. "Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman" (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who owned her until she was married. Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didnt have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house...

High-tech tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

High-tech tools - Essay Example The uses of high tech tools have changed such situations. On the other hand, these high technology tools have created various presentations that have negative impacts on teens. For a long time, the use of high technology tools have created a controversy since many people believe that high tech tools are beneficial to human beings; while other people believe that they have several negative impacts. Therefore, this paper shall seek to explain some of the negative impacts brought about by high technology tools. It will also explore how these negative effects can be minimized. Naturally there are some people who not believe that high technology tools have negative impacts on teens. This is attributed to the fact that high technological tools have made life easier, as well as improved the lives of human beings. For instance, it has improved the manner in which people communicate with one another. From mobile phones to social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter have improved the inter action and communication between people. Additionally, an individual can book for accommodation in a hotel without necessarily going there. All these are ascribed to high technology tools. ... While discussing the negative effects of high technology tools on the teens, we will begin with issues that are related to the use of mobile phones. The rate at which young people have adopted the use of mobile phones in various parts of the world is extremely impressive. However, the uses of mobile phones have been realized to cause certain issues of concern. For instance, some people hide behind this technology to save themselves from emotionally stressing actions such as ending relationships (Campbell 2). Sociologists have argued that teens prefer to send text messages, instead of making calls when talking about awkward or emotionally stressing situations that can impact on their capacity to interact amongst themselves. Bullying is one of the negative impacts of using mobile phones, especially cyber bullying. The teens create these phenomena by texting when they cannot express the same sentiments face-to-face (Campbell 4). These will in the end lead to increased anxiety, depressio n, psychosomatic symptoms, worst still even suicide. The consequence of this issue is yet to be investigated but it is said that cyber bullying has a great impact compared to face-to-face bullying. When the abuse is done verbally, the victim might not be in a position to remember the exact words used, but when text messages are sent to the victim; they have a collection of the abuses and can read them several times. These could turn to be more concrete and seem real compared to the spoken words. Mobile phone use has also been found to be problematic in schools. One main trouble caused by use of mobile phones in schools revolves around the way students use them to rely on their parents when solving

Airplane accident Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Airplane accident - Research Paper Example So far, NTSB has established that aviation can profit from more training of pilots and the re-evaluation of the existing safety procedures in cases of engine malfunctions. Thesis: Despite pilot errors being the primary  cause of the airplane accidents, there are other issues such as mechanical dysfunction, poor weather, and landing accidents that can result in aviation accidents. Literature Review Statistics show that the number of airplane accidents experienced in developed nations has dropped since 2010 even though aircraft accidents in developing nations have increased. According to Learmount, in 2010 in the United States alone there were 26 fatal airplane accidents, compared with 28 accidents in 2009 (Learmount). According to Flightglobal, which researches aircraft malfunctions and evaluates them for the benefit of aviation and aerospace experts in the air transport industry, the number of commercial aircraft accidents from 2010 to 2011 rose to 32 from 28 (Rapoport 46). Airline safety professionals have attributed this fact to the emergence of in-flight malfunctions when the planes encounter severe weather or when birds interfere with the engines while the planes are in flight. According to NTSB statistics, between 2004 and 2008, there were approximately 245 commercial aviation accidents that occurred as a result of different reasons such as adverse weather or fuel exhaustion (2010 NTSB aviation statistics released). The numbers of plane crashes would increase over the years at a steady rate so that in 2010, general aviation aircraft, which include commercial aircraft, had 267 aircraft accidents (2010 NTSB aviation statistics released). Even though adverse weather is a common cause of plane crashes, many pilots still choose to navigate through it rather than delay flights. This may in part be due to the pressure of maintaining the passengers’ preferred schedules. According to Jarboe, there were 111 weather-related commercial aircraft crashes in Pue rto Rico and the United States in 2004 alone. Between 2010 and 2011, 15% of all aviation accidents were the result of the malfunctioning of in-flight systems due to adverse weather (Jarboe 2). Harsh weather systems are also thought to have caused the malfunctioning of in-flight systems in the ill-fated Air France’s flight AF447. Air crash investigators who examined the different parts of the ill-fated flight AF447 also confirmed that the malfunctioning of the pitot tube may have pushed the pilots to erroneous decisions. All avionics mechanical systems are dependent on pitot tubes.   This device is responsible for measuring the impact of oncoming air. However, the simple design of pitot tubes makes them susceptible to blockages which can be caused by mud wasp nests, dead insects, and ice. According to Jackson, the failure of the pitot system is viewed as being the worst possible malfunction that can occur when a plane is in flight (Jackson). Numerous airplane accidents that took place in the past can be have been traced to the existence of a faulty pitot tube. According to Jackson, in 1995, an X-31A research aircraft crashed in California after its pitot tube was covered by ice (Jackson). Another plane, the Austral Lineas Aereas Flight 2553, similarly crashed, causing the deaths of its 74 passengers, when its pitot tube was completely frozen. Its pilots had actually presumed that the plane was stalling- which is something that is

Issues Contributing to Water Scarcity

Issues Contributing to Water Scarcity INTRODUCTION Around 1.2 billion people (almost one-fifth of the worlds population) currently live in areas of physical water scarcity, and 500 million people are approaching this situation (UN-WATER 2014). Although nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by water, only about 2.5 percent is fresh with the rest being saline and ocean-based. However, only 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, with much of it trapped in glaciers and snowfields. Actually, only 0.007 percent of the planets water is available to fuel and feed its 6.8 billion people (National geographic 2014). Clean water is the water that is safe enough to be consumed by humans with low risk of immediate or long term harm (Wikipedia 2014). Water scarcity is the defined as the lack of access to adequate quantities of water for human and environmental uses However, the Water Project (2014) states that water scarcity can be explained in two ways, it is either the dearth of ample water (quantity) or it is the inability to be able to access safe water (quality). In developing countries, finding an infallible headspring of safe water is often tedious and dear. This is known as economic scarcity (a state where although water can be found, it just requires more infrastructure to access it). However, other areas experience physical scarcity, a situation where the water available is not sufficient. (The water project 2014). This essay will aim to describe the issues that may have contributed to water scarcity. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WATER SCARCITY The issue of water scarcity is quite a thriving one, whilst the worlds population tripled in the 20th century, the amount of freshwater on earth has remained fairly constant. This means that yearly, the competition for a safe and copious supply of water intensifies. Web of Creation (2003) states that the main cause of the shortage of fresh water is global warming. Increase in the average temperature of mountainous areas can result in an altered precipitation mix amidst rainfall and snowfall, with more rain and less snow. This would lead to more flooding and overflow during the rainy seasons, this also results in a reduced amount of water that is usually held in glaciers for use during dry seasons. These mountain glaciers are all liquefying. The snow mass in the Himalayas, (the third largest in the world) is now beginning to wince at an increasing rate rate. Every major river in Asia originates in that snow mass. Global issues (2010) points out that another reason for water crisis is the commoditization of water. Promoting water as a commodity has led to an increased control of water by multinational corporations (MNC). The World Bank has encouraged countries around the world to privatize water access in the hope for increased efficiency as well as follow other policies such as removal of subsidies for such provisions. As a result, although there may be many people in terms of market access, the poor have found themselves being shut out as prices have risen beyond affordability. Tread softly (2013) explains that the over extraction of freshwater and other human intrusion with the water cycle is the immediate cause of water scarcity. Over-extraction of ground water has an upfront manifestation in the level of aquifers. If withdrawals (extraction) transcend the natural rate of recharge, the level of an aquifer will fall and ultimately drying up. In parts of India, the level of aquifers is said to have fallen more than 300 metres, this is associated to the dearth of control intensified by a policy of allowing farmers infinite access to water. Given how highly fragmented land ownership is in India, with majority of the populace being farmers, their waterloo is inevitable. India’s rate of extraction of ground water has been growing steadily from a base of 90 Billion cubic metres (bcm) in 1980 to about 251 Billion cubic metres (bcm) in 2010, whilst the rate in the United States has remained rather constant since 1980 (Luthra and Kundu 2013). In Africa south of the Sahara, where agriculture is predominantly rain-fed (that is, it relies on rainfall for water), farmers’ access to water is limited based on time (during droughts and dry seasons) and space (in arid areas). Water scarcity in these regions is not necessarily caused by a physical lack of water. Literally much of the region is primarily considered to suffer from economic water scarcity, which means that investments in water resources and appropriate human capacities are not substantial enough to meet water demands of the population (IFPRI 2013). Another cause of water scarcity could be the increasing rate of pollution of the water available. Majority of the biocides, fertilizers, sewage overflows, oil and grease eventually get into the water systems. The increasing loss of marshlands can be attributed to the fact that these runoff nutrients are not always sanitised by nature before they ultimately enter the body of water. More than 60 percent of US coastal rivers and bays are severely being reduced by nutrient runoff (web of creation 2003). CONCLUSION Increase in population has led to an increased demand for quality water. Water scarcity is a global issue which requires immediate attention. To ensure sustainability, steps should be taken to ensure that water is used in such a manner as it does not reduce the potential for the future generation to have access to quality water. Sustainable practices such as water recycle, minimization, etc. should be implemented to reduce the need for freshwater extraction. REFERENCES Global Issues (2010) Water and Development. [Online] Available at http://www.globalissues.org/article/601/water-and-development [Accessed 18-03-2014] Global Water Forum (2012) Understanding water scarcity: Definitions and measurements. [Online] Available at http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2012/05/07/understanding-water-scarcity-definitions-and-measurements/ [Accessed 10-03-2014] IFPRI (2013) What’s really causing water scarcity in Africa south of the Sahara? [Online] Available at http://www.ifpri.org/blog/what-s-really-causing-water-scarcity-africa-south-sahara [Accessed 18-03-2014] National Geographic (2014) Fresh Water Crisis. [Online] Available at http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-crisis/#close-modal [Accessed 10-03-2014] Luthra, S. and Kundu, A. (2013) India’s Water Crisis: Causes and Cures. [Online] Available at http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=356#.UyGN9hpdXTo [Accessed 18-03-2014] The water project (2014) Water Scarcity and the Importance of Water. [Online] Available at http://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity.php [Accessed 10-03-2014] Tread Softly (2013) Causes of Water Scarcity. [Online] Available at http://treadsoftly.net/water-scarcity/causes-of-water-scarcity/ [Accessed 18-03-2014] UN-WATER (2014) International Decade for Action ‘water for life’ 2005-2015. [Online] Available at http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml [Accessed 18-03-2014] Web of creation (2003) Problem: Fresh Water and Oceans in Danger. [Online] Available at http://www.webofcreation.org/Earth%20Problems/water.htm [Accessed 18-03-2014] Wikipedia (2014) Drinking water. [Online] Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water [Accessed 09-03-2014]

The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood :: essays research papers

The role of a Handmaid in the Republic of Gilead is ultimately to breed, and nothing more. Cooped up in a nondescript room with nothing but her own thoughts and painful memories for company, the narrator, Offred, shows many signs of retreating further and further into her own world, and becoming slowly more unstable throughout the course of the novel as her terrible new life continues. The most common and by far the most disturbing example of this is the use of imagery and symbolism in the book. Many everyday items and observations are likened to some kind of sickening or violent image, which indicate that Offred isn’t really all that stable; for example a removed light fixture is described as being â€Å"like the place in a face where the eye has been taken out.† Other examples of this are describing a Guardian of the Faith’s face as â€Å"unwholesomely tender, like the skin under a scab† and likening â€Å"half-dead, flexible and pink† worms to lips. A tourist’s stiletto heels are â€Å"delicate instruments of torture†; fluffy clouds are thought of as â€Å"headless sheep† and urinals â€Å"look oddly like babies’ coffins†. The Commander’s Wife herself is described as having a chin â€Å"clenched like a fist†. Further on in the book, when Moira has been violently punished for faking an illness; â€Å"... she could not walk for a week... They looked like drowned feet, swollen and boneless, except for the colour. They looked like lungs.† All these violent, disgusting images are evidence for Offred’s deteriorating state of health. Other similes mentioned are not so much violent as they are strange; at one stage, Offred compares herself to a piece of toast. The author also uses colour as a powerful symbolic device. The colour red is referred to many times in the novel, most notably when Offred describes herself as â€Å"a Sister, dipped in blood.† This image in particular refers to menstruation, a process the Handmaids have grown to dread as it proves they have ‘failed’ once again. The reoccurring image of the tulips in the garden also relates to this – they are also red and compared to blood: â€Å"... a darker crimson toward the stem, as if they had been cut and are beginning to heal there.† and all of the references can be likened to â€Å"Tulips†, a poem by Sylvia Plath, written about her time in a mental illness ward. We are informed, primarily in Chapter Two, that any object that may aid suicide is strictly out of bounds in Offred’s accommodation.

The Power of the Follower: the Arab Spring and Social Media

THE POWER OF THE FOLLOWER SAND011A MBL 921-S Leadership Assignment II Group Member Student Number Contribution Addison, B. 7078-516-3 100% Bheamadu, A 3285-589-3 100% Deonarain, N 7288-417-7 100% Deshmukh, A 7136-472-2 100% Jooste, D L 7276-682-4 100% Mahura, S 7300-632-7 100% Mavimbela, R 7294-314-9 100% Mnube, M 3326-099-0 100% Singh, Yashin 3667-383-8 100% Nkosi, N 7308-888-9100% Singh, Yeshvir 7308-490-5 100% Thuntsane, E 7294-747-0 100% Mulder, R7303-318-9100% Mkwanazi, S7288-373-1100%EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This assignment delves into the changing socio-dynamic landscape given the growing rate of mobile and IT connectivity as well as the growing number of users on social media platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Flickr and the like. The recent political uprisings on the African continent have hinted towards the use of social media tools to bring about socio-political change and either directly or indirectly challenge the leadership status quo.Many have refuted the claims o f the impact of social media during the uprisings, such as Malcolm Gladwell who dismisses the relevant importance the media, academics and thought leaders have placed on its ability to influence leader behaviour or bring about any meaningful change (www. newyorker. com, 2010). However, the contrary views outweigh Gladwell’s views and, in our opinion, bare consideration. According to Fleishman (2003) â€Å"leadership is an attempt at influencing the activities of followers to willingly cooperate through the communication process toward the attainment of some goals. The traditional view of leadership is its ability to influence follower behaviour. Thus, this assignment aims to explore the role of neo-social dynamics (social media) to influence leader behaviour, i. e. follower upward management of leaders. The assignment begins with a case study to determine social media’s impact in Africa, contextualized but not limited to the Egyptian uprisings. It then proceeds to pro pose an alternative mind-map developed in assignment 1 and concludes with the development of an HR value proposition to generalize a leadership model for use by organizations. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. The Case Study| 4| | 1. 1 The Purpose of the Study| 4| | 1. 2 Background of the Study| 5| | 1. 3 Significance of the Study| 5| | 1. 4 Research Methodology| 6| | 1. 4. 1 Theoretical Framework| 6| | 1. 4. 2 Data Collection| 7| | 1. 4. 3 Research Hypothesis| 7| | 1. 4. 4 Key Research Questions| 7| | 1. 5 Conclusion| 10| | 1. 6 References| 11| 2. | Integration of the Case study Findings| 12| | 2. 1 Introduction| 12| | 2. 2 Assignment 1: Overview of the Leadership Model| 12| | 2. 3 Leadership Mind Map Recommendation| 14| | 2. 4 Conclusion| 18| 3. | The HR Value Proposition| 19| | 3. 1 Definition| 19| | 3. HR Value Proposition Objectives| 20| | 3. 3 A Systemic HR Mental Model| 20| | 3. 4 Organisation Challenges Proposed| 21| | 3. 5 Business Implications| 22| | 3. 6 The HR Value Proposition- Appl ication| 22| | 3. 7 Conclusion| 25| | 3. 8 References ( section 2 and 3)| 26| I. THE CASE STUDY 1. 1Purpose of the Study Social media is a popular term to describe a variety of media tools that is suggested to have played an important role in recent political revolutions. In the recent events in North Africa, the role of social media has been best characterized as an enabler, facilitating rallies and galvanizing participants.Despite limited access to the Internet and limited freedom of expression and information, social media penetration is on the increase in Africa. Social networks are spoken of in villages, schools, and fast-growing cities where the middle classes are now demanding access to quick information (Marieme Jamme, 2011). In the mid-1990s, as the use of mobile phones spread in much of the developed world, few thought of Africa as a potential market. Now, with more than 400 million subscribers, its market is larger than North America's and is growing faster than in any ot her region.The most common social media tools are Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and relatively new social media sites like Diggs and Foursquare. The communication is in the form of status updates and ad hoc statements. While discussion may be limited, the dissemination of information has been seen as the most influential component of the upheavals in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region (uicifd. blogspot. com, 2011). The case study intends to explain the impact of neo-social dynamics on leadership within the context of the recent political uprisings. In doing so we propose three hypotheses: i.Social media creates the leaderless revolution in the digital age. ii. Social Media creates Citizen Journalism – freedom of speech for the oppressed. iii. Social Media accelerates the rate of revolutions. 1. 2 Background of the Study The rate of technological and online communication advances suggest that organizations and governments can no longer suppress the spread of an ide a, message, or of news occurring globally. The implication is that if one is able to connect to the Internet and express a view about a situation, then the information will be broadcasted.The recent events in North Africa may signal a way forward for the rest of the continent as technology becomes more easily accessible to more Africans. Calls for socio-political transformation heard on the streets of Tunisia and Cairo were echoed globally, rousing sympathetic support internationally. The revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt are extensively seen as being mobilized, organized, supported and driven through the use of social media tools such as Facebook, Twitter and mobile phone technology which allowed for extensive political expression and rallying against government corruption online and off the ground. . 3Significance of the Study Traditionally, the greatest power that governments have held over their people has been that of information/freedom of speech. The promise that Internet conn ectivity brings to Africa is that people are now using the abundance of information for oversight of government and more interaction with administrations (J. Gossier, 2008). New communication technologies, especially social media via the Internet, have become important resources for the mobilization of collective action and the subsequent creation, organization and implementation of social movements around the world.Therefore, the impact of social media on current leadership dynamics requires exploration as the recent public demonstrations of rebellion have been underpinned by suggestions that social media has changed the status quo on how Africans engage and share their views and are no longer being silenced by oppressive leadership with these (social media) tools in hand. 1. 4RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The qualitative case study method is an effective tool for developing an understanding about a particular case, its features, and its impact.According to Stake (1994), â€Å"case study i s defined by individual cases, not by the methods of inquiry used. † As such, the goal of case study research is to understand the complexity of a case in the most complete way possible. The richness of data gathered through this method complements the article’s theoretical framework and is required to answer the research questions. This case study will be an exploratory case study which is an attempt to understand what happened within cases by looking beyond descriptive features and studying the surrounding context. (www. capam. com)We categorize the â€Å"Egyptian revolution† in this study as the activities and conditions that led to and defined the anti-government protests that occurred between 25 January and 11 February 2011, ultimately leading to the resignation of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Case researchers examine both common and unique features of a case, with an emphasis on its defining features (Stake, 2005). 2. 4. 1 Theoretical Framework Researc hers may study a single case or multiple cases. In multiple case studies, researchers  study cases  in depth individually as well as look across cases for similarities and differences. (RWJF, 2008)Selected Cases a. Social Media in the Arab World (Ghannam, J. , 2011) b. Reasons Social Media contributed to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution (Chebib, N. & Sohail, R. 2011) 2. 4. 2 Data Collection The above literature was selected because of its relevance to social media, leadership, information technology and the considerations made regarding the plausible causes of changes in the socio-political landscape. Other secondary sources originating from published online news reports were also analysed. Such secondary data were appropriate for this study because of both the nature of our analysis and the wealth of information available.The qualitative researcher often must use her or his judgment, based on a set of criteria, to decide how much and how long a case should be studied to aid in unde rstanding (Creswell, 1998; Stake, 2005). 2. 4. 3 Research Hypothesis This case study explores the impact of neo-socio (social media) dynamics on leadership in Africa in order to understand contemporary social movements. In pursuit of this goal, the analysis specifically seeks to establish support for the following hypotheses, which will be verified through the case study: I. Social media: creates the leaderless revolution in the digital age.II. Social media: creates Citizen Journalism – freedom of speech for the oppressed. III. Social media accelerates the rate of revolutions. 2. 4. 4 Key Research Questions Three questions have been identified to guide the approach in solving the hypotheses: i. Who led the protests in Egypt? ii. How was information regarding the revolt obtained and circulated? iii. What was the rate of protestor-mobilization and the speed of the outcome? i. Who led the protests in Egypt? To succeed, one of the essential characteristics of the revolution was t hat there were no leaders.Had there been leaders, it would have been far easier for the existing powers to target them for arrest or worse and thus decapitate the revolution. The absence of leaders made such a response impossible. Instead of a revolutionary leadership – a Che, or a Lenin, or even a Walesa (who was imprisoned many times) – there was no one. The only way to have contained the revolts was bloody crackdown on everyone on the streets – a path that Syria's Bachir al Asad seems to be following, perhaps imitating the grotesque example of his father, who had the town of Hama flattened after a rebellion there, killing perhaps 20,000. carneross. com) ii. How was information pertaining to the revolt obtained and shared both locally and internationally? The concept of citizen journalism (also known as â€Å"public†, â€Å"participatory†, â€Å"democratic†,†guerrilla†or â€Å"street† journalism) is based upon public cit izens playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analysing, and disseminating news and information (www. wikipedia. com). New Media technologies such as social networking and media-sharing websites in addition to the increasing prevalence of mobile phones have made citizen journalism more accessible to people worldwide.Due to the availability of technology, citizens can often report breaking news more quickly than traditional media reporters. Notable examples of citizen journalism reporting from major world events are the Arab Spring. Hundreds of Arab activists, writers, and journalists have faced repercussions because of their online activities. (Gannum, 2011) In Egypt, blogger Abdel Kareem Nabil Soliman, known as Kareem Amer, was released in November 2010 after more than four years in prison and alleged torture for his writings that authorities said insulted Islam and defamed Mubarak. Soliman returned to writing his blog shortly after his release.In Syria, 19- year-old Tal al-Mallouhi was said to be the youngest Internet prisoner of conscience in the region and in December 2010 marked her first year in prison, mostly incommunicado, for blogging through poetry about her yearning for freedom of expression. (Gannum, 2011) In Bahrain, a social networking campaign has called for the release of blogger Ali Abdulemam who was imprisoned for allegedly posting â€Å"false news† on his popular site BahrainOnline. org. These are merely three of the scores of Arab Internet users across the region that have faced arrest and incarceration and other repercussions stemming from their online writings.Government challenges and other impediments, notably low broadband high-speed Internet penetration rates as a percentage of population, stand in the way of wider and faster Internet access. According to the Arab Advisors Group, the top three countries in broadband adoption in the region as a percentage of population are the United Arab Emirates at 14 pe rcent, followed by Bahrain at 12 percent, and Qatar at eight percent as of late 2009. (Gannum, 2011) In 2009, the Arab region had 35,000 active blogs and 40,000 by late 2010.Although Egypt’s interior ministry maintains a department of 45 people to monitor Facebook, nearly 5 million Egyptians use the social networking site among 17 million people in the region, including journalists, political leaders, political opposition figures, human rights activists, social activists, entertainers, and royalty who are engaging online in Arabic, English and French. (Gannum, 2011) 111. Rate of protestor mobilization and the speed of the outcome The Egyptian Revolution began on 25 January 2011 and ended on 11February 2011 lasting a total of 18 days, overthrowing the 30 year old rule of Mubarak.The Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia, which ousted president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, lasted 28 days. The Egyptian revolution succeeded in overthrowing the present regime in the shortest time period. (Che bbib and Sohail, 2011) As shown in figure 1 below, the Egyptian revolution is the second shortest revolution in terms of both the number of days it lasted and deaths. FIGURE 1: Days of Revolutions and Deaths that occurred during those Revolutions 1. 3 Conclusion Hypothesis 1: Creates a Leaderless Rebellion The analysis above clearly indicates the lack of emergence of significant leaders in any of the revolutions.Revolutions ignited by passionate people having sufficient common ground and cause can mobilize a revolution which can be steered and sustained(without a leader) towards the achievement of the common goal. Hypothesis 2: Creates Citizen Journalism – freedom of speech for the oppressed There is a symbiotic relationship between social media and citizen journalism on the one hand and traditional media on the other hand, in that they play off each other. Traditional media remains an essential vehicle for reaching a domestic and international audience. n that while social m edia played a tremendous role, especially in empowering freedom of speech, the impact of citizen journalism was limited and interest in the cause was catapulted only through traditional media coverage. Hypothesis 3: Results in Rapid Mobilization and Swift Results Revolutions can be short and bloody, or slow and peaceful. Each is different. The Egyptian revolution was one of the quickest and swiftest revolutions in history. The facts and figures have indicated that it was also a revolution with one of the lowest death tolls.The deaths and number of days for revolutions historically were far in excess of the Egyptian revolution; were deaths ranged in the 3000’s, the death toll in Egypt was documented at 300. III. REFERENCES 1. Ghannam, J (2011): Social Media in the Arab World 2. Chebib, N. and Sohail, R. (2011): The Reasons Social Media contributed to the 2011 Egyptian Revolution 3. Cogburn, D. and Espinoza-Vasquez F. (2011): From Networked Nominee to Networked Nation. 4. Abrom s, L. and Lefebvre, R. (2009): Obama’s Wired Campaign: Lessons for public health communication 5. http://www. carneross. com/blog/2011/04/23/necessity-leaderless-revolutions) 6.Yin, Robert K. , Applications of Case Study Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2003a, 2nd 7. edition. 8. Yin, Robert K. , Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 2003b,3rd edition. 9. Yin, Robert K. , â€Å"The Abridged Version of Case Study Research,† in Leonard Bickman and Debra J. 10. Rog (eds. ), Handbook of Applied Social Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1998, pp. 229-259. 11. Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds. ), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 443–466). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. 12. Glesne, C. (2006) Becoming Qualitative Researchers (3rd ed. . Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 13. Gladwell M. 2010 http://www. newyorker. com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell(date accessed: 08/07/2012) 14. Bo hler-Muller N. and van der Merwe, C. 2011 The potential of social media to influence socio-political change on the African Continent. Africa Institute of South Africa 15. Toni Ahlqvist, Asta Back, Sirkka Heinonen, Minna Halonen, (2010),†Road-mapping the societal transformation potential of social media†, foresight, Vol. 12 Iss: 5 pp. 3 16. Andre-Michel Essoungou, 2010 A social media boom begins in Africa, www. un. org/en/africarenewal/vol24no4/socialmediabom. tml (date accessed 17 July 2012) 17. Gossier, J. 2008 Social Media in Africa, Part 3: Democracy 18. carneross. com/blog/2011/04/23/necessity-leaderless-revolution section 2 2. integration of case study findings – Recommendations for Leaders Assessed in Assignment 1 2. 1 Introduction Emerging from an exploration of the likely impacts of social medial in the context of the political uprisings explored in question 1 above is the indirect threat neo-socio dynamics pose to autocratic governance, as was the case wi th Hosni Mubarak resigning from presidential office, a mere 18 days after the start of the Egyptian protests (bbc. o. uk 2011). This is in stark contrast to the rise of US President Barrack Obama, whose 2008 election campaign has been heralded as a win for social media, after a landslide victory which sought to â€Å"convert everyday people into engaged and empowered volunteers, donors and advocates through social media† (Edelman, 2009). Comparing these two leaders on the basis of their style of governance suggests polar opposite styles from democratic to autocratic leadership. Autocratic leaders are those who make unilateral decisions and issue instructions.It is often criticized because it negates relationships between followers that allow decisions to be made by leaders and followers (Ehow. com), whereas democracy advocates inclusive and engaging governance. Following on from the mind map developed in assignment 1, we recommend an alternative leadership approach for the bu siness leaders surveyed. 2. 2Assignment 1: Overview of the Leadership Model In the first leadership assignment, three leaders were surveyed and a leadership mind map was developed. The mind map sought to establish which leadership theory these three leaders subscribed to.As per table 1 (below), all three leaders subscribe to the power and influence theory of leadership, path-goal theory, leader-member exchange theory (LMX), ethical leadership, transformational leadership, servant leadership, spiritual leadership and authentic leadership. A fundamental leadership trait amongst these surveyed leaders was found to be building and maintaining ‘trust’. THEORY| MS. MABUNDA| MS. GOVIND| MR. SIBEKO| 1. Power & Influence| Legitimate (Positional)Expert (Personal)| Reward (Positional)Referent + Expert (Personal)| Reward (Positional)Expert (Personal)| 2.Path-goal| Supportive| Directive| Directive | 3. LMX| High LMX| High LMX| High LMX| 4. Transformational| Yes| Yes| Yes| 5. Ethical | Yes| Yes| Yes| 6. Servant | Yes| No| No| 7. Spiritual| Yes| Yes| Yes| 8. Authentic| Yes| Yes| No| Table 1 Leader Theory Summation of Surveyed Leaders (SAND011A, 2012) Image 1, below, provides a graphic of the leadership mind map that was developed in assignment one. The leaders used a combination of both positional and personal power. The mind map also showcased adaptations to this power and influence model, with various modes of leadership also complementing their primary leadership model.Image [ 1 ] Assignment 1 Leadership Mind Map (SAND011A, 2012) Trust formed the core of their leadership character, without which these leaders believe that their effectiveness to lead would have been severely impeded. We believe this to be true as followers are more inclined to trust people when they understand their leader’s values and observe that their actions are congruent with those values because they can reliably predict how their leaders will act. As such, leaders of high characte r instil trust.However, given their reliance on positional and personal power, an alternative leadership model is proposed below. 2. 3 Leadership mind-map Recommendation The demands of neo-socio dynamics on leadership is such that leaders must develop a broad range of personal and professional competencies in order to meet the challenges they will inevitably face. Tomorrow’s leaders must stay abreast of the impact of the social media curve. Primary and secondary stakeholders now have access through social media applications to mobilize and either do great harm to an organisation or support its efforts.This was recently illustrated by the Woolworths vs. Frankies dispute. According to Frankies, Woolworths, had sabotaged its attempts to sell its product and claim ownership, by selling an imitation of its drink. Supporters of Frankies mobilized and retaliated on social media spaces such as Facebook and Twitter. The response by Woolworths was plagued by its inability to understand the social media playing field. Instead of engaging followers, Woolworth’s executives chose to release press statements that appeared to only exacerbate the situation.The Advertising Standards Authority ruled in favour of Frankies, and Woolworths was ordered to remove its ‘copy-cat’ version of the soft drink. (Moneyweb, 2012) In a recent Sunday Times Article (Aug, 2012) Woolworths CEO, Ian Moir notes that the company was surprised at how quickly outrage was spread in the Frankie’s soft drink saga. In response to his own leadership displayed during the communication crisis, he stated that it (the social media outrage) was a problem within an hour which made it difficult to manage(C. Barron, 2012).It is safe to conclude that had Woolworth’s leadership endorsed a different response, strengthened its stakeholder engagement and understood the immediate impact of social networking, they would have adopted an alternative approach to engaging their stakeho lders. i. Authentic-Transformational Leadership The case study (in section 1) and the preceding Woolworths example highlights the need for ‘open leadership’. According to Charlene li (2011) â€Å"By embracing social media, leaders can transform their organizations to become more effective, decisive, and ultimately more profitable in this new era of openness in the marketplace. Whilst no model and no list of leadership behaviours or competencies can fully capture all the critical components of stakeholder management; our group has selected the prescriptive, authentic-transformational leadership model, for leaders to align themselves to. Transformational leadership describes a leader who motivates followers to performance beyond expectations, but has often been attacked for its potential to be abused. Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) point out that the ethics of transformational leadership have been challenged.For example, transformational leaders: (1) can use impression mana gement behaviours that pave the way to immoral behaviour (Snyder,1987) and (2) manipulate followers into losing more than they gain (White & Wooten, 1986). To mitigate these shortcomings, an additional form of leadership has been proposed to complement transformational leadership i. e. authentic leadership (Nichols, Thomas W. , 2008). Authentic leadership is an over-arching concept that aims to include transformational leadership and all positive forms of leadership (Avolio and Gardner 2005). At the heart of authentic leadership is the concept of ethicality.The concept of authenticity may contribute to the transformational leadership paradigm, producing an ideal form of leadership. Whilst many pseudo-transformational leaders are able to exert control over their followers, their lack of character and ethical behaviour ultimately bring harm to their followers. By acting on a core set of benevolent values, authentic transformational leaders, bring out the best in their followers and sp ur them on to do great things for society. ii. Behaviour of Authentic-Transformational Leaders Ethics are a basic component of authentic transformational leadership.Image 2 (below), demonstrates that these kinds of leaders engage in: * Idealized influence:   Serving as examples of excellence and character; creating a climate of high standards for task performance and ethical choices. * Inspirational motivation:   Developing and communicating an ambitious, exciting and morally good vision for the group to achieve; involving followers, empowering them and encouraging their development. * Intellectual stimulation:   Fostering open discussion of the vision, its implementation and encouraging new ideas from their followers without criticizing them publicly for their mistakes. Individualized consideration:   Demonstrating genuine concern for followers' development; provide coaching and mentoring and rewarding followers for creativity and innovation. Image 2 Transformational Leader ship Model (Management Study Guide, 2009) iii. Advantages of Authentic Transformational Leaders The advantages become apparent when demonstrating ethical behaviour and personal character while performing the four types of leadership behaviours in Image 1. Many researchers have proposed outcomes relating to authentic, transformational, ethical, and charismatic behaviours.These include trust (Robinson, 1996), organizational commitment (Conger, 1999), satisfaction (George & Jones, 1997), performance (Howell & Avolio, 1993) and organizational citizenship behaviour (Gardner & Schermerhorn, 2004). Additionally, the above authors suggest that: * These leaders develop higher levels of self-awareness. * They lead followers through personal development and organizational change. * They are able to persuade them to step out of their comfort zones, take a leap of faith and follow their leaders into the unknown.These also support a recent HBR discussion amongst Harvard’s leadership academ ia, who advocate the need for an increased level of self-awareness amongst business leaders, effective diversity management and forging greater partnerships with ALL stakeholders, both consumers and suppliers alike in the age of a more connected and socially (pro) active business environment. 2. 4Conclusion Authentic-transformational leaders are those leaders who are able to intellectually stimulate, inspirationally motivate and ideally influence their followers in an ethical manner.They are transparent in their dealings and ethical in their actions and it is their authenticity that removes the potential for them to abuse this leadership style. (Bass and Steidlmeier(1999). section 3 THE HR VALUE PROPOSITION-recommendations to mitigate the implications of the case study findings through the use of hr value propositions 3. HR Value Proposition 3. 1 Definition Human Resource, â€Å"HR†, professionals add value when their work aids an organization to achieve its goals. It is not the design of a program or declaration of policy that matters the most, but what recipients gain from these actions (Success360degree. com).In a world of increasingly scarce resources, activities that fail to add value are not worth pursuing. The HR value proposition means that HR practices, departments and professionals produce positive outcomes for key stakeholders – employees, line managers, customers, and investors. (Amerin, 2005) According to David Ulrich (2005) HR needs to be able to show how their activities create value for key stakeholders. He asserts that HR must have a direct line of sight to the market place such as the customers who buy products and services and to the shareholders who provide capital and that HR must be framed as a source of competitive advantage.He states that ultimately HR professionals need to be able to spell out how they provide a unique and powerful perspective of the linkages between employee commitment, customer attitudes and investor re turns. (Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, 2005) The role of a leader in an organisation is to lead change, lead transformation, lead teams and lead engagement. This process is often a learning on the part of the leader. For this reason, leadership branding is often part of the HR value proposition due to the fact that HR is the custodian of learning and development within an organisation. . 2HR Value Proposition Objectives * HR needs to be able to show how their activities create value for key stakeholders (i. e. the business, customers, employees, investors) * HR must have a direct line of sight to the market place such as the customers who buy products and services and to the shareholders who provide capital (a suggestion of a strong market orientation). * HR professionals must align practices with the requirements of internal and external stakeholders (operating in a silo is no longer suitable). HR professionals must acquire the personal knowledge and skills necessary to link HR activity to stakeholder value. * HR professionals need to be able to spell out how they provide a unique and powerful perspective of the linkages between employee commitment, customer attitudes and investor returns. 3. 3 A Systemic HR Mental Model HR needs to frame a new mental model that will make others take notice of and acknowledge the profound and sustainable benefits HR brings to organisations in the new economy.Such a mental model must form the strategic framework that provides HR professionals with the evidence that HR is truly adding value to key stakeholders. Once developed, a systemic HR mental model will provide the strategic framework that enables HR professionals to make significant and tangible contributions to business performance. For instance, HR professionals will be able to use these models to economically justify their initiatives, advise where the business is at risk, highlight opportunities to continually improve performance and most importantly, show how they add to stakeholder value.This conclave will provide a platform where eminent HR professionals will discuss the issues that organizations need to handle in order to transform the role of HR and aid organizations to gain and sustain competitive advantage. (www. ksom. ac. in) The HR Value Proposition, which was developed by Dave Ulrich in 2005,expressesfivekey elements for the value creation activities of HR, namely: 1. Knowing external business realities 2. Serving Internal and External Stakeholders 3. Creating HR Best Practices . Building HR Resources 5. Ensuring HR Professionalism Figure 1 HR Value Proposition Template (D. Ulrich 2005) 3. 4ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES PROPOSED The HR Value proposition mind map (Table 1) speaks to challenges organisations may be facing. Social media connectivity and activism can impact business relations both internally (employee relations) and externally (customer relations). We therefore propose two examples of this for a generic Company X: 1. Employees who are dissatisfied with utocratic, heavy-handed leadership within an organisation; and 2. customer online queries or complaints are being sluggishly attended to, resulting in poor customer service levels. 3. 5Business Implications 1. Employees could take to social media and discuss amongst themselves their dissatisfaction with their leaders resulting in lower levels of staff morale, productivity and insubordination (borne out of frustration and on-going discussions in and amongst disgruntled employees).The recent Marikana Mining tragedy, although still under investigation, could potentially point toward employee mobilization (which may have been aided by social media interaction such as Blackberry messenger â€Å"BBM†, or possibly Facebook engagement) and possibly suggest how three thousand employees mobilized to the exclusion of their own union leaders, who purport not to have known about the impending strike action. . Customers who sense that company X is not engaging speedily and effectively to their queries or complaints may view the company’s indifference as a sign of it not being customer oriented and they may retaliate on social media platforms. The online conversation could inform new customers and other existing customers of the company’s level of degree of engagement as such impacting business performance. . 6 The Value Proposition- Application The HR Value Proposition will address the issues in the two examples cited above that will result in improvement or a turnaround strategy. The systemic mind map model will seek to address the first two of the elements of Ulrich’s HR value proposition namely, 1. Knowing external business realities; and 2. Serving Internal and External Stakeholders.The reason for choosing the above two elements is because neo-socio dynamics (social media) suggests (1) a new and evolving external business reality in the form of online and mobile phone technology, its connectivity, user a ctivity, and continued global growth in online social engagement and (2) ‘serving internal and external stakeholders’, who are now seemingly more connected and willing to voice their dissatisfaction, implies that HR needs to re-orientate its value proposition in light of how and where internal and xternal stakeholders are now having their conversations, which is online, in real time, sporadic, and transparent. As such the Value Proposition should aim to: * Create market value for investors by increasing intangibles. * Increases customer share by connecting with target customers. * Help line managers deliver strategy by building organisation capabilities. * Clarify and establish an employee value proposition and enhance individual abilities. * Improve the line manager’s ability to understand external business realities.HR Value Proposition Element| HR Transformation Criteria| HR Intervention| HR Value Proposition| Knowing the external businessRealities Article I. AND Article II. Serving externaland internal stakeholders| Create market value for investors by increasing intangibles. Increases customer share by connecting with target customers. Helps line managers deliver strategy by building organisation capabilities. Clarifies and establishes an employee value proposition and enhances individual abilities.Improve the line managers ability to understand external business realties| * The experience, level, function, previous management education, current challenges faced and demographic background of the potential participants needs to be considered when setting the objectives so that the programme is made relevant to the participant as well as the organisation. Leadership development needs may be carried out at this time which are linked to the strategic objectives and competencies needed for organisational success. * Based on the results of assessments they will be nominated to go on courses to close the competency gap. A suitable audience wi ll be selected * An evaluation system and corresponding actions to reward success and improve on deficiencies preferably the Kirkpatrick Model in which to gauge self-development of leaders; their ability to contribute to the teams they lead; and which help them contribute to the business and strategic change. The basket of offerings from a development perspective and leadership programme will be: 1. Emotional Intelligence 2. Resilience 3. Customer Orientation 4. Problem solving 5. Analytical Skills 6. Communication 7. Networking 8. Coaching 9.MentoringAnalytical skills. 10. Communication 11. Networking| 1. Clear focus on customer satisfaction and meeting the needs of the customer. 2. Improved staff retention 3. Lowered staff turnover 4. Increased productivity 5. Display of effective leadership and managerial skills 6. Effective problem solving and decision-making. 7. Analyse and integrate information and facts and demonstrate performance and change in behaviour 8. Make decisive and proactive decisions 9. Clear and detailed written communication skills. 10. Clear focus on networking with all key stakeholders. Table 1: HR Value Proposition Mind Map – Generic Organization X 3. 7 Conclusion The business world shapes leaders, pushing them to adapt and change in the face of social technology’s revolutionizing impact. Social media has connected, networked and empowered employees, customers, partners and investors and all stakeholders of the company globally. The change has been so rapid that leaders are increasingly caught unprepared(Barry Libert and Sally Ourieff 2012). To succeed, and even just to survive, leaders must evolve as today’s technologies are changing.Social, mobile and cloud technologies force savvy businesses to become open, transparent, and inclusive organizations with stakeholders. Leaders must create new frameworks to integrate their understanding of social and mobile technologies into their leadership skills and management team s must recruit candidates equipped with these new capabilities. â€Å"Be Open, Be Transparent, Be Authentic† are the current leadership mantras, yet companies often push back according to Charlene Li (2011). Traditionally business is premised on the concept of control, yet the new world order (neo-socio dynamics) demands ‘openness’. ______________________________________________________ 3. 8 REFERENCES – SECTION 2 AND 3 1. Aughton P. 2005, Mapping the HR Value Proposition 2. Augie Ray May 11, 2010; (http://blogs. forrester. com/augie_ray/10-05-11-seven_things_your_organization_must_do_because_social_media) 3. Barron, C. 2012: A social media shock for Woollies, Sunday Times Business Times Aug 19th 2012 pg6. 4. Barry Libert and Sally Ourieff 2012, Recruiting and Developing Great Teams in the Facebook Age , https://www. bluesteps. com/blog/Recruiting-and-Developing-Great-Teams-in-the-Facebook-Age. aspx (date accessed: July 28 2012) 5. Bass, B.M. & Steidlmeier , P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behaviour. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2): 181-217. 6. http://dssresources. com/faq/index. php? action=artikel=225 7. http://www. ccl. org/leadership/pdf/research/creatingGovernmentLeaders. pdf 8. http://www. ccl. org/leadership/pdf/research/futureTrends. pdf 9. http://www. ehow. com/list_6713655_effects-autocratic-leadership. html 10. http://www. highwayafrica. com/media/Citizen_Journalism_and_Democracy_Book. pdf 11. Li, C (2011) Open Leadership: How Social Technology Can Transform How You Leadhttp://www. charleneli. om/open-leadership/ date accessed July 16th, 2012 12. Nichols, Thomas W.. Authentic transformational leadership and implicit leadership theories.. Denton, Texas. UNT Digital Library. http://digital. library. unt. edu/ark:/67531/metadc9056/. Accessed July 16, 2012. 13. Transformational Leadership theory http://managementstudyguide. com/transformational-leadership. htm date accessed 16th July 2012 14. Ulrich D, 2005, HR’s New Mandate: Be a strategic player, http://hbswk. hbs. edu/archive/4861. html (date accessed: 30/07/2012) Images:  © 2012 (Twitter) Twitter Inc. , (Facebook) Facebook Corp, (YouTube) Google Inc.